|
Effect of 6 weeks Pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2, and insulin resistance in females with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial
Fateme Sabzevari, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Fateme Golestani
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| Date of Submission | 02-Jun-2020 |
| Date of Decision | 20-Sep-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 22-Feb-2022 |
| Date of Web Publication | 27-Aug-2022 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Mehdi Mogharnasi
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Birjand, Birjand
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_612_20
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 6 weeks' pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocaline-2, and insulin resistance in females with overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial study, 45 overweight and obese females are randomly assigned to four groups: Pilates training + dill group (PDG) (n = 12), pilates training + placebo group (PPG) (n = 11), dill supplementation group (DG) (n = 11), and placebo group (PG) (n = 11). Participants of PDG and PPG performed pilates training for 6 weeks (60 min, 3 sessions per week). PDG and DG received dill tablet (three times a day, 6 weeks). Anthropometric measurements, glycemic markers, and blood samples were assessed before (pretest) and after (posttest) 6 weeks of intervention. Results: Results showed a significant increase in serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 in PDG compared to pretest (P = 0.001). Differences in the serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 in PDG were greater than PPG, DG, and PG (P = 0.01). Furthermore, results found in significant reduction in serum concentrations of lipocalin-2, body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in PDG, PPG, and DG as compared to pretest (P > 0.05). Fasting glucose plasma (FGP) was significantly decreased in all three intervention groups PDG (P < 0.001), PPG (P < 0.001), and DG (P < 0.001) as compared to pretest. Differences in FGP were significantly higher in PDG than PPG, DG, and PG (P = 0.001). A significant reduction was found for insulin only in PDG after 6 weeks of intervention as compared to pretest (P = 0.03). Insulin resistance significantly decreased in PDG (P = 0.03) and PPG (P = 0.04) as compared to pretest. Body fat percent (BFP) was significantly decreased in PDG (P = 0.003), PPG (P = 0.006), and DG (P = 0.01). However, there were no significant inter-group differences in insulin resistance, insulin, serum concentrations of lipocalin-2, BMI, BFP, and WHR after 6 weeks of Pilates training along with dill supplementation (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that 6 weeks of Pilates training along with dill may be beneficial for improvements in serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 and FGP.
Keywords: Dill supplementation, insulin resistance, lipocalin-2, nesfatin-1, Pilates training
How to cite this article:
Sabzevari F, Mogharnasi M, Golestani F. Effect of 6 weeks Pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2, and insulin resistance in females with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial. J Res Med Sci 2022;27:59 |
How to cite this URL:
Sabzevari F, Mogharnasi M, Golestani F. Effect of 6 weeks Pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2, and insulin resistance in females with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial. J Res Med Sci [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 1];27:59. Available from: https://www.jmsjournal.net/text.asp?2022/27/1/59/354865 |
| Introduction | |  |
According to the reports of World Health Organization, obesity is one of the major public health concerns affecting 1.9 billion people globally.[1] Obesity is an world public health issue that affects the quality of life, increases the risk of illness, and raises health-care costs in countries in all parts of the world.[2] Adipose tissue is known as active endocrine organ that produces biologic substance called adipocytokines affecting glucose and lipid metabolism.[3] Nesfatin-1 is known as anti-inflammatory factor that improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin secretion from beta cells.[4] In addition to being secreted from hypothalamus, adipose tissue is described as another potential source of nesftain-1, with decreased levels of nesfatin-1 in obese people.[5] It was reported that any alternations in serum levels of nesfatin-1 are associated by alternations in weight and body mass index (BMI).[4] Nesfatin-1 regulated glucose, energy homeostasis, and insulin secretion.[6] Lipocalin- 2 was recently to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance in human and highly expressed by adipocytes.[7] Furthermore, circulation of lipocalin-2 was increased in obese individual and it has a positive correlation with variables such as insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome diseases. Low levels of lipocalin-2 decrease insulin resistance in adipose tissue by modulating of lipoxygenase-12 (as an enzyme involved in arachidonic acid metabolism) and tumor necrosis factor-α (as an inducer of insulin resistance).[7]
Various factors such as exercise and diet can alter expression of adipokines involved in energy regulation in normal and obese individuals.[8] Pilates training (body control science) is a method of exercise developed by Joseph Pilates in 1880 which includes low intensity exercises that used body weight as external resistance through isometric concentrations of the core muscles.[9] Accordingly, evidence indicates Pilates training increases strength, endurance, and flexibility, as well as improvement of physical conditions, psychological problems such as attention and concentration.[10] This type of training is not designed to reduce weight, but Pilates training can be considered a good option for people with overweight or obesity who have difficulty in adhering to those monotonous traditional physical exercises.[11] In addition to exercise, medical plants have been discovered and used in control and traditional treatment since prehistoric times. Dill (also called Anethum graveolens) is an herbal plant cultivated in various regions worldwide. It contains essential oil such as carvone and limonene, in addition to phenolics, such as trans-anethole and flavonoids that have hypolipidemic effects.[12] It was indicated that consumption of dill decreases serum levels of lipids concentration and has hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity.[13] In diabetic models, dill significantly decreases reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol glucose levels, whereas it increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.[13] However, to the best author's knowledge, this is the first study that examined the effect of Pilates training along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2 in overweight and obese females. Therefore, we conducted a randomized controlled trial design to investigate the role of 6 weeks Pilates along with dill supplementation on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2 in females with overweight and obesity. In addition, we evaluated the effects of 6 weeks Pilates along with dill supplementation on insulin resistance in the same study participants. It was hypothesized that Pilates training along with dill supplementation may provide additive benefits on concentrations of adipokines in overweight and obese females.
| Methods and Design | | |
Study design and participants
In this randomized controlled trial study, 45 overweight and obesity females (BMI ≥25) recruited in the present study. All participants were classified according to BMI which was calculated in standard way. According to CONSORT statement, [Figure 1] shows the flowchart of this study. Participants are randomly divided to four following groups: Pilates training + dill group (PDG), Pilates training + placebo group (PPG), dill supplementation group (DG), and placebo group (PG). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Inclusion criteria were: Having 25 and more BMI, age between 25 and 45 years old, lack of professional training for last 6 month, free of chronic diseases, and being woman. Exclusion criteria were: Medical drug history for lose weight, doing special diet for weigh lose, a history of active sport, regular exercise for last 6 month. Randomization was performed by used a digital tool available at www.randomizer.org. | Figure 1: Participants Flow Diagram. Abbreviations: PPG; Pilates Training Group, DG = Dill Group; PDG = Pilates Training + Dill Group; PG = Placebo Group
Click here to view |
Furthermore, the calculation of the sample size was carried out using G * Powers software (HeinrichHeineUniversität, Düsseldorf, Germany). The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee Birjand University of Medical Science (IR.BUMS.REC.1397.182) and registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220107053655N1).
Anthropometric measurement
Anthropometric measurements were performed at the beginning and end of 6th week intervention. Height was measured barefoot by using digital staodiometer (to the nearest 0.5 cm). Body compositions of each participant such as weight, BMI, body fat percent (BFP), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed by using body composition analyzer (ACCUNIQ BC360, South Korea).
Blood measurement and processing
After 12 h of fasting (48 h before and after the first and the last intervention session), 10 mL blood sample was collected from antecubital vein between 8 AM and 10 AM. For the separation of serum, blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, followed by storage of aliquots at-80°C. Serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 and lipocalin-2 were evaluated by ELISA human kit (Eastbiopharm, China-USA) with a sensitivity 0.15 ng/ml and 10.12 ng/ml, respectively. The intra-assay coefficient of variations of nesfatin-1 and lipocalin-2 were CV <12% and CV <12%, respectively. The inter-assay coefficient of variations nesfatin-1 and lipocali-2 were CV <10% and CV <10% percent, respectively. Pars test kit (manufacturer Japan-Germany) was used to measure serum concentrations fasting glucose plasma (FGP) by the Auto analyzer system. Also, serum concentrations fasting insulin were evaluated by ELISA human kit (Diaplus Q-1) manufactured Japan-USA. Insulin resistance index was measured by following equation:
HOMA-IR = (FGP mmol/ μ) fasting insulin× U
Dill intervention
In the present study, Participants in PDG and DG received the pills that contained dill powder supplementation (Three times daily, 6 weeks 1.1 g). Participants in PG also received (Three times daily, 6 weeks) pills which contained 1 gr starch in similar shape to dill pills.[14] Participants were instructed to refrain from exercise activities or any particular diet during intervention. Compliance with dill and any complication about it were checked through weekly telephone interviews.
Training intervention
Pilates training was performed by 60%–70% of maximal heart rate. The intensity of Pilates training was measured by Carvonen by the following method:
Max. Heart Rate = 220–Age
Heart Rate Reserve = HR max–HR Rest
(Resting Heart Rate)
%60 Target Heart Rate = (0.60 ´ HRR) + HR rest
All exercise (PDG and PPG) groups participated in the 6 weeks Pilates training intervention (60 min, three sessions per week). All sessions included 3 phases: 10 min warm-up, 40 min Pilates training, and 10 min cool-down. Pilates training program was shown in [Table 1].[15]
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 (version 26, IMB-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and are presented as mean ± Standard deviation. Kolmogorov-Smirinov (K-S) test was used to verify the normality of data distribution. Paired-samples t-test and Analysis of covariance were applied to examine the intra-and inter-group differences, respectively. P < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
| Results | | |
The demographic data of participants are shown in [Table 2]. Paired-sample t-test shown significant increase in serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 compare pretest in PDG (P = 0.001), but not in PPG (P = 0.29), DG (P = 0.21), and PG (P = 0.93) [Table 2]. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) test indicated that serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 was greater in PDG as compared with PPG (P = 0.002), DG (P = 0.02), and PG (P = 0.02) [Figure 2]a. Also, results indicated no significant decreased in serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 in all intervention groups (P = 0.91) [Figure 2]b. FGP was significantly decrease in all three intervention groups PDG (P < 0.001), PPG (P < 0.001), and DG (P < 0.001) as compared to pretest. Also, according to LSD's results, there were significant alterations in FGP in PDG as compared to PPG (P = 0.001), DG (P = 0.01), and PG (P = 0.01). Furthermore, insulin resistance significantly decreased in PDG (P = 0.03) and PPG (P = 0.04) as compared with pretest [Table 3]. BFP significantly decreased in PDG (P = 0.003), PPG (P = 0.006), and DG (P = 0.01) compared to pretest [Table 2]. Insulin significantly decreased only in PDG after 6 weeks of intervention as compared to pretest (P = 0.03). However, no significant differences were observed in insulin resistance (P = 0.13), insulin (P = 0.57), BMI (P = 0.67), BFP (P = 0.90), and WHR (P = 0.13) between all groups [Table 3]. | Table 3 The pre-posttest of biochemical and anthropometric factors of participants in all groups
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Changes in nesfatin-1 and lipocalin-2 in response to 6 weeks of Pilates training and dill supplementation. PPG = Pilates Training Group; DG = Dill Group; PDG = Pilates Training + Dill Group; PG = Placebo Group
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
This is a randomized controlled trail study designed to evaluated effect of 6 weeks of Pilates training along with dill supplementation on adipokines, glycemic markers, and anthropometric measurements in females with overweight and obesity. The results of the present study demonstrated that Pilates training and dill supplementation can significantly increase serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 and can improved insulin resistance, FGP, and BFP in overweight and obese females.
Pilates training significantly lowered FGP and insulin resistance in PPG group. It has been found that Pilates improves FPG and insulin resistance by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.[16] In this regard, Mir and Mir[17] showed Pilates training significantly decreased insulin resistance and insulin in obese women. Also, Saremi, Bahrami,[18] found significant decrease in insulin resistance following of 8 weeks of Pilates training in polycystic ovary syndrome women. The main mechanism of Pilates training on glycemic parameters have been not well characterized. In fact, exercise training improves insulin sensitivity by improvements in glucose transportation and enhancement of oxidative capacity. Also, evidences demonstrated that Pilates training through the increase of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), insulin receptor substrates and increase muscle mass induces improvement in glycemic control and substrate metabolism in skeletal muscle.[17],[19] Other finding of the present study was significant decreased in FPG and in significant reduction in insulin resistance in DG group. Madani, Ahmady Mahmoodabady[20] investigation showed a significant reduction in blood glucose with receiving 300 mg/kg/w hydroalcoholic extract of dill supplementation for 10 day (200–250 g) in male diabetic rats. In contrast to our findings, Haidari, Zakerkish[21] reported significant improvement insulin resistance, insulin, and FPG following 8 weeks of dill supplementation in patient with T2DM. Also, Supplementation of patients with T2DM with 3.3 g/day of dill powder for 8 weeks could significantly reduce levels of insulin.[22] The hypoglycemia effect of dill is due to the flavonoid (quercetin).[23] Flavonoid has an antioxidants effect and reduces the absorption of glucose in the intestine.[23],[24] Dill inhibits the transfer of glucose from the small bowel and delays the gastric emptying into the small bowel by inhibiting digestive enzymes such as alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase, which are involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis.[24] In addition to the antioxidant effects of dill, the bioactive compounds in dill can be effective in repairing damaged beta cells and insulin secretion.[24] The lack of positive effects of regular dill consumption in insulin resistance may be due to the lower amounts of dill, which highlights the importance of higher amounts of dill supplementation to induce significant effects on glycemic parameters. Other finding of the present study was significant reduction in FPG in PDG compared to PPG, DG, and PG. Based on the best authors' knowledge this is the first study that evaluated effect of Pilates training along with dill supplementation on glycemic parameters. It seems that Pilates training increases glucose uptake, which is the main factor in the improvement of FPG, insulin concentrations through increased glucose uptake capacity, muscular blood flow, and GLUT4. These findings indicate that there may be an additive effect of Pilates training and dill supplementation in improving FGP in overweight and obese females.
Various studies indicated that exercise training improves insulin resistance by bioactive factors secreted from adipose tissues. Adipose tissue is the main source in expression of nesfatin-1 and subsequently it released in bloodstream.[25] Gene expression and release of nesfatin-1 are regulated by nutritional status.[26] Not only nesfatin-1 suppressed food intake and appetite, but also played an important role in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis.[27] Also, There are significant positive correlations between nesfatin-1 and insulin sensitivity in response to exercise in overweight women.[28] Various factors such as exercise can alter nesfatin-1 secretion involved in energy regulation. Based on the results of the present study, serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 didn't significantly increased following of 6 weeks of Pilates training in PPG group. To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated effect of Pilates training on serum concentrations of nesfatin-1. The response of nesfatin1 to Pilates training is ambiguous. In contradiction to our results, Haghshenas, Ravasi[29] found a significant increase in the levels of nesfatin-1 after 12 weeks of resistance training. In a study by Mogharnasi, TaheriChadorneshin[30] showed significant increase in the levels of nesfatin-1 following both endurance and resistance trainings in overweight and obese women. In agreement to our study, Hajipour, Shabkhiz[31] reported nonsignificant increase following aerobic training in the levels of nesfatin-1 in obese men.[31] These disagreements in the literature may be due to different intervention duration, exercise intensity, diversity in the type of exercise, and characteristics of participants. In the present study, the lack of positive effects of regular Pilates training on nesfatin-1 expression may be due to insufficient intensity and volume of Pilates training intervention. Also, previous evidence suggested serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 decreased 18% in fasting and it returns to normal levels after 12 h of re-feeding. Other findings of the present study was significant increase in the serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 following 6 weeks of Pilates training along with dill supplementation which was similar to study of Chaolu, Asakawa,[32] who showed serum levels of nesfatin-1 significantly increased following 4 weeks of endurance training and high-fat diet. Also, Golestani et al.[33] found that high intensity interval training and spirulina supplementation significantly increased levels of nesfatin-1 in overweight and obese females.[33] Niaki et al.[34] reported significant enhancement in the levels of nesfatin-1 following of 6 weeks of aerobic training with Zizyphus jujuba water extraction in females rats.[34] Based on the best authors' knowledge, the present study is the first one which evaluated effects of dill supplementation on serum concentration of nesfatin-1 in females with overweight and obese females. Nesfatin-1 reduces blood glucose by activating AMP-activated protein kinase, up-regulating the phosphorylation of protein kinase B in the pancreas, and by increasing the glucose transporter-4 membrane translocation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue that in turn improves insulin sensitivity.[35] In line with our findings, a study demonstrated that nesfatin-1 and fat percentage are likely to be improved significantly in response to exercise.[36] On the other hand, increased levels of the adipocytokine induced change by exercise can act as stimuli in reducing visceral and subcutaneous fat. In agreements with our findings, a negative correlation has been reported between levels of nesfatin-1 and BFP in previous studies.[8],[37] Based on the results of previous studies, levels of nesfatin-1 is highly sensitive to significant loss of fat percentage.[30],[38]
Recently, Lipocalin-2 had been potentially described as connected to obesity and adipose tissue inflammation which has a direct correlation with inflammatory markers and insulin resistance index.[39] Findings of the present study revealed that training and interaction effect of Pilates training and dill supplementation did not have significant effect on serum concentrations of lipocalin-2. Mehraba, Damirchi[40] demonstrated that serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 were affected by intensity exercise training. Choi, Kim[7] compared effect of two aerobic exercises intensity in obese men; they reported that 12 weeks of moderate aerobic exercise (45%–55% VO2 max) had no significant effect in reduction of BFP and lipocalin-2, whereas they observed significant decrease in serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 and BFP in high intensity aerobic exercise (65%–75% VO2 max). Also, Choi, Kim[7] investigated effect of 12 weeks combine training on obese women; results showed that despite of high volume of exercise, no significant decreased was observed in levels of lipocalin-2 due to low intensity of training. Both intensity and volume of training are essential for reduction of BFP (especially visceral fat) and afterward reduction of lipocalin-2. Some studies indicated that higher intensity and volume of exercise are more effective in reduction of lipocalin-2. On the other hand, in significant alterations in serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 maybe due to volume and short duration or lower dosage of dill.
Our results should be interpreted taking into consideration the following limitations. One limitation of the preset study was lack of controlled participants' diet. However, there is no evidence to suggest that participants kept exactly the same normal dietary habits. Calories consumption and nutrition can alter circulation of nesfatin-1, lipocalin-2, and body composition, levels of nesfatin-1 influences food intake.
| Conclusion | | |
In general, the additive effect of Pilates training along with dill supplementation can significantly increase serum concentrations of nesfatin-1 and improve FGP in females with overweight and obesity. Pilates training plays an important role in regulating energy balance and reduction appetite by increasing serum concentrations of nesfain-1. Therefore, Pilates training can be used as a preventive and therapeutic strategy in improvement of anthropometric measurement and reduction of obesity-related diseases in overweigh and obese individuals.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to all people who participant and help in completing this study. This work does not receive any financial support from agency. All authors, FS, MM, and FG, figured out the present study and participated in data collection, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: Revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism 2019;92:98-107.  |
| 2. | Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP. Management of obesity. Lancet 2016;387:1947-56. |
| 3. | Mehanna ET, Barakat BM, ElSayed MH, Tawfik MK. An optimized dose of raspberry ketones controls hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in male obese rats: Effect on adipose tissue expression of adipocytokines and Aquaporin 7. Eur J Pharmacol 2018;832:81-9. |
| 4. | Azamar-Llamas D, Hernández-Molina G, Ramos-Ávalos B, Furuzawa-Carballeda J. Adipokine contribution to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2017;2017:5468023. |
| 5. | Tan BK, Hallschmid M, Kern W, Lehnert H, Randeva HS. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio of the novel satiety molecule, nesfatin-1/NUCB-2, in obese humans: Evidence of nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 resistance and implications for obesity treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E669-73. |
| 6. | Gonzalez R, Perry RL, Gao X, Gaidhu MP, Tsushima RG, Ceddia RB, et al. Nutrient responsive nesfatin-1 regulates energy balance and induces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in rats. Endocrinology 2011;152:3628-37. |
| 7. | Choi KM, Kim TN, Yoo HJ, Lee KW, Cho GJ, Hwang TG, et al. Effect of exercise training on A-FABP, lipocalin-2 and RBP4 levels in obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;70:569-74. |
| 8. | Mogharnasi M, TaheriChadorneshin H, Papoli-Baravati SA, Teymuri A. Effects of upper-body resistance exercise training on serum nesfatin-1 level, insulin resistance, and body composition in obese paraplegic men. Disabil Health J 2019;12:29-34. |
| 9. | Wong A, Figueroa A, Fischer SM, Bagheri R, Park SY. The effects of mat Pilates training on vascular function and body fatness in obese young women with elevated blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 2020;33:563-9. |
| 10. | Seghatoleslami A, Afif AH, Irandoust K, Taheri M. The impact of pilates exercises on motor control of inactive middle-aged women. Sleep Hypn (Online) 2018;20:262-6. |
| 11. | Wang Y, Chen Z, Wu Z, Ye X, Xu X. Pilates for overweight or obesity: A meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2021;12:643455. |
| 12. | Aliakbari-Baydokhty M, Saghebjoo M, Sarir H, Hedayati M. The effect of endurance training and hydroalcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens L.(dill) on biochemical cardiovascular risk factors in obese male rats. J Basic Res Med Sci 2019;6:1-11. |
| 13. | Goodarzi MT, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Abbasi Oshaghi E. The role of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) in the management of diabetes. J Trop Med 2016;2016:1098916. |
| 14. | Piahoo L, Khaje-Bishk Y, Mobaseri M, Rahimi AO, Asqari-Jafarabadi M. The effect of dill supplementation on insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with type 5 diabetes. J Isfahan Med Sch 2014;32:2473-83. |
| 15. | Cakmakçi O. The effect of 8 week Pilates exercise on body composition in obese women. Coll Antropol 2011;35:1045-50. |
| 16. | Ghasemi Mobarekeh B, Vismeh Z, Parsa Gohar N. Effect of 12 weeks of selected Pilates exercise training on serum adiponectin level and insulin resistance in female survivors of breast cancer and its role in prevention of recurrence. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci 2015;20:61-73. |
| 17. | Mir P, Mir Z. Effect of 8 weeks Pilates exercise on plasma visfatin and insulin resistance index in obese women. Nurs J Vulnerable 2016;3:1-12. |
| 18. | Saremi A, Bahrami A, Jamilian M, Moazami Goodarzi P. Effects of 8 weeks pilates training on anti-Mullerian hormone level and cardiometabolic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome women. Arak Med Univ J (AMUJ) 2014;17:59-69. |
| 19. | Pesta DH, Goncalves RL, Madiraju AK, Strasser B, Sparks LM. Resistance training to improve type 2 diabetes: Working toward a prescription for the future. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017;14:24. |
| 20. | Madani H, Ahmady Mahmoodabady N, Vahdati A. Effects of hydroalchoholic extract of Anethum graveolens (Dill) on plasma glucose an lipid levels in diabetes induced rats. Iran J Diabetes Metabol 2005;5:109-16. |
| 21. | Haidari F, Zakerkish M, Borazjani F, Ahmadi Angali K, Amoochi Foroushani G. The effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Trials 2020;21:483. |
| 22. | Mobasseri M, Ostadrahimi A, Jafarabadi MA, Mahluji S. Anethum graveolens supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and lipid abnormality in type 2 diabetic patients. Pharm Sci 2014;20:40-5. |
| 23. | Tiwari AK, Rao JM. Diabetes mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: Present status and future prospects. Curr Sci 2002;83:30-8. |
| 24. | Teuber H, Herrmann K. Flavonol glycosides of leaves and fruits of dill ( Anethum graveolens L.). II. Phenolics of spices (author's transl). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1978;167:101-4. |
| 25. | Khalili S, Khaniani MS, Afkhami F, Derakhshan SM. NUCB2/Nesfatin-1: A potent meal regulatory hormone and its role in diabetes. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2017;18:105-9. |
| 26. | Zhang Z, Li L, Yang M, Liu H, Boden G, Yang G. Increased plasma levels of nesfatin-1 in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012;120:91-5. |
| 27. | Dore R, Levata L, Lehnert H, Schulz C. Nesfatin-1: Functions and physiology of a novel regulatory peptide. J Endocrinol 2017;232:R45-65. |
| 28. | Le S, Mao L, Lu D, Yang Y, Tan X, Wiklund P, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on insulin resistance and central adiposity disappeared after the discontinuation of intervention in overweight women. J Sport Health Sci 2016;5:166-70. |
| 29. | Haghshenas R, Ravasi AA, Kordi MR, Hedayati M, Shabkhiz F, Shariatzadeh M. The effect of a 12-week endurance training on IL-6, IL-10 and Nesfatin-1 plasma level of obese male rats. Journal of Sport Biosciences 2014;5:109-22. |
| 30. | Mogharnasi M, TaheriChadorneshin H, Abbasi-Deloei N. Effect of exercise training type on plasma levels of vaspin, nesfatin-1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in overweight and obese women. Obes Med 2019;13:34-8. |
| 31. | Hajipour M, Shabkhiz F, Akhavan MJ. Effects of aerobic exercise on body compounds and nesfatin-1 serum in obese men. 3. Sport and Biomotor Sciences 2015;6:65-71. |
| 32. | Chaolu H, Asakawa A, Ushikai M, Li YX, Cheng KC, Li JB, et al. Effect of exercise and high-fat diet on plasma adiponectin and nesfatin levels in mice. Exp Ther Med 2011;2:369-73. |
| 33. | Golestani F, Mogharnasi M, Erfani-Far M, Abtahi-Eivari SH. The effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin-1, omentin-1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. J Res Med Sci 2021;26:10. [Full text] |
| 34. | Niaki AG, Hosseini F, Rooadbari F, Ahmadabad SR, Rooadbari M. Effects of aerobic training, with or without Zizyphus jujuba water extraction, on fundus nesfatin-1, ATP, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations in female rats. Iran J Health Phys Act 2013;4:9-16. |
| 35. | Chen W, Li J, Liu J, Wang D, Hou L. Aerobic exercise improves food reward systems in obese rats via insulin signaling regulation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019;10:2801-8. |
| 36. | Yazici AG. Relationship and interaction between anaerobic sports branches and serum nesfatin-1. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2015;61:234-40. |
| 37. | Tsuchiya T, Shimizu H, Yamada M, Osaki A, Oh-I S, Ariyama Y, et al. Fasting concentrations of nesfatin-1 are negatively correlated with body mass index in non-obese males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73:484-90. |
| 38. | Nabil N, El Sayyad M. Moderate exercise training has anorexogenic effect associated with improved oxidative stress in obese women. Int J Nutr Metab 2015;7:52-61. |
| 39. | Huang Y, Yang Z, Ye Z, Li Q, Wen J, Tao X, et al. Lipocalin-2, glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in Chinese people. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012;11:11. |
| 40. | Mehraba J, Damirchi A, Rahmani-Nia F. Effect of two aerobic exercise intensity on lipocalin-2, interleukin1ß levels, and insulin resistance index in sedentary obese men. Sport Physiology 2014;6:95-108. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
|
Search Pubmed for